Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::db() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 144

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::helper() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 145

Strict Standards: Non-static method Object::camelcase() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/loader.php on line 248

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::db() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/page.php on line 20

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/page.php on line 21

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::getLibrary() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 115

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 131

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::getOrCreate() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 63

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 153

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 121

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::getLibrary() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 115

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 131

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 67

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::getLibrary() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 115

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 131

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::db() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 77
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Strict Standards: Non-static method Localization::getTranslate() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/localization.php on line 34

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::exists() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 69

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::getIdentifier() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 15

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::getObject() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 70

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::getIdentifier() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 45

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::getOrCreate() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 63

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 153

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 121

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 67

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::exists() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 69

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::getIdentifier() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 15

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::getObject() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 70

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::getIdentifier() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 45

Strict Standards: Non-static method Localization::getTranslate() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/localization.php on line 34

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::exists() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 69

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::getIdentifier() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 15

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::getObject() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 70

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::getIdentifier() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 45

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::getOrCreate() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 63

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 153

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 121

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 67

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::getOrCreate() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 63

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 153

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 121

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 67

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::getOrCreate() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 63

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 153

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 121

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 67

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::getOrCreate() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 63

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 153

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 121

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 67

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::getOrCreate() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 63

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 153

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 121

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 67

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::getOrCreate() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 63

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 153

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 121

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 67

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::getOrCreate() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 63

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 153

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 121

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 67

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::getOrCreate() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 63

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 153

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 121

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 67

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::getOrCreate() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 63

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 153

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 121

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 67

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::getOrCreate() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 63

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 153

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 121

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 67

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::getOrCreate() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 63

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 153

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 121

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 67

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::getOrCreate() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 63

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 153

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 121

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 67

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::getOrCreate() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 63

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 153

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 121

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 67

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::getOrCreate() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 63

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 153

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 121

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 67

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::getOrCreate() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 63

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 153

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 121

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

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SR-71 - O AVIÃO MAIS VELOZ DE TODOS OS TEMPOS

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Todos os entusiastas da aviação e aqueles que tem trabalhado por décadas na indústria aeroespacial sabem que o mais rápido avião feito até hoje é o Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird. Parece uma nave de filmes tipo "Star Wars", mas é o que podemos chamar de um avião convencional, o que significa que ele decola e pousa como qualquer outro avião. Algumas outras aeronaves experimentais podem voar mais rápido, como o X-15, mas não decolam por si mesmas.
Mas por que falar sobre o Blackbird, uma vez que não mais opera  e pode ser visto sòmente em museus? A razão é simples: trabalhando com a nova geração de projetistas e engenheiros aeroespaciais, expostos ao slogans dos gigantes aeroespaciais de hoje ("alta tecnologia",  ferramentas de engenharia no "estado-da-arte", "Next", e outros), alguns desses jovens profissionais não sabem que houve um período da história aeroespacial em que as coisas eram feitas e bem feitas, sem os recursos avançados disponíveis hoje. Um período em que engenheiros e projetistas estavam fazendo aviões (e também naves espaciais), que hoje são impossíveis de serem feitas  no tempo e custo de magníficas realizações de engenharia. Se você não concorda, apresentamos dados, no final do artigo, de alguns projetos recentes e você pode concluir por si mesmo.

 

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O SR-71 Blackbird é derivado de um projeto similar, o Lockheed A-12. No início dos anos 60, o  avião de reconhecimento usado pelos EUA, o Lockheed U-2 era vulnerável devido à sua baixa velocidade, de modo que um novo projeto para um avião de reconhecimento mais rápido se tornou necessário. O contrato para o desenvolvimento do A-12 (antecessor do SR-71) foi dado a Lockheed em agosto de 1959 e um contrato para a produção de 12 aeronaves em janeiro de 1960. O primeiro vôo foi em abril de 1962. Nesse primeiro vôo os motores usados foram os P&W JT-75, porque os JT-58, desenvolvidos para o A-12/SR-71, não estavam totalmente operacionais. Em janeiro de 1963, o avião, desta vez com os motores P&W JT-58 chegou a velocidades superiores a Mach 3. É importante notar que a partir da  outorga do contrato até o primeiro vôo, transcorreram apenas dois anos e para voar a Mach 3 um pouco mais.
O contrato para a produção do SR-71 foi dado à Lockheed em dezembro 1962 e o primeiro vôo foi em dezembro de 1964, apenas dois anos depois. O engenheiro a frente do desenvolvimento do A-12 e do SR-71 foi Clarence L. "Kelly" Johnson.

 

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Ate hoje não há avião que chegue sequer perto do desempenho do SR-71. Ele voa a Mach 3,2 numa altitude de 85.000 pés com alcance de 3.200 milhas náuticas (sem reabastecimento). O SR-71 bateu em 1976 os recordes de velocidade e de altitude (Altitude em vôo horizontal: 85,068.997 ft - 25.929 m e velocidade em linha reta: 2,193.167 mph - 3,529.6 km / h), invicto até agora. A tabela abaixo apresenta alguns dados básicos da Blackbird. Mais informações podem ser acessadas com os links.

 

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Lendo as notícias de hoje sobre os desenvolvimentos recentes e seus atrasos, a desculpa mais comum para a incapacidade de gestão de hoje é sempre sobre o "novo". Novos materiais, novo processo de fabricação, novos sistemas, novos softwares, novo gerenciamento da cadeia de fornecedores e assim por diante. Para o SR-71 também havia coisas "novas" e, na verdade, quase tudo era novo e, mesmo assim, foi desenvolvido em um curto espaço de tempo. Os principais "novos" nesse programa:

Novo motor - o P&W J-58 era um motor novo, capaz de operar por tempo prolongado em elevado número Mach com pós-combustor, Ele foi desenvolvido para o A-12/SR-71.

Novo combustível - devido à operação em elevadas temperaturas, os motores J-58 usavam um combustível especial. O combustível JP-7 tem baixa volatilidade e é resistente a fácil ignição.

Novo material - titânio, o material básico que o Blackbird é feito, era um material novo na época e o único leve e resistente às altas temperaturas que a estrutura era submetida em vôo de cruzeiro. O trem de pouso principal é até hoje a maior estrura forjada em titânio usade em aviões.

Novos fluidos hidráulicos - também devido à temperatura de funcionamento, fluidos hidráulicos tiveram de ser desenvolvidos especificamente para uso no SR-71.

Nova aerodinâmica - só de olhar para a aeronave, é evidente seu formato especial para alta velocidade, o que era algo completamente novo na época. Ainda hoje ele está à frente de qualquer coisa voando nos céus. Seu formato também tem caracteristicas de baixa detecção a radar (stealth).

Novos pneus - o composto de borracha dos pneus foi desenvolvido para resistir a altas temperaturas, com pó de alumínio e inflado com nitrogênio (o que não era uma prática na época).

Só para não estender muito, o sistema de escape da tripulação, o controle do cone da entrada de ar do motor com um computador analógico e muitos outros detalhes eram completamente novos. Mesmo com todos esses "novos" foi desenvolvido em 2 anos.

 

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Não faz qualquer diferença onde você trabalha hoje, você terá um PC e/ou uma estação de trabalho em sua mesa, conectados a uma rede interna e software para o tipo de atividade de engenharia com que voce trabalha. Mas como era no início dos anos 60?

Cálculos eram feitos com réguas de cálculo. Nem mesmo as mais simples calculadoras eletrônicas existiam. O que dizer entao de computadores, mainframes, e outros recursos tão comuns hoje - nada existia.

Como não havia computadores, a análise estrutural foi feita com aquilo que hoje chamamos de "cálculos de mão". Nada de cálculos com  modelos de elementos finito, nada pré e pós-processadores.
 
Os desenhos eram feitos em papel, sem programas de desenho e de design como CATIA e similares.

Os cálculos aerodinâmicos também eram feitos usando cálculos tradicionais e testes, nada de programas CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics).

As peças usinadas eram feitas sem qualquer equipamento de controle numérico.

A troca de informações dentro dos escritórios de projeto e calculo, assim como com a fabricação era feita pessoalmente ou com papel e telefone. Nada de e-mails, chamadas em video-conferência, etc Nem mesmo as máquinas de fax existiam naqueles dias.

E, com todos esses "nãos", ainda foi feito em dois anos.

 

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A fim de posicionar o incrível (pelo menos para as empresas de hoje) tempo de desenvolvimento do SR-71 Blackbird com relacao ao tempo de desenvolvimento aproximado de alguns aviões conhecidos, apresentamos uma tabela e um grafico comparativo. Os números são apenas indicativos, pois as empresas normalmente têm equipes que estudam novos projetos antes do lancamento oficial.

Note que a maioria destes desenvolvimentos têm o ingrediente "novo": Comet é o primeiro avião comercial a jato pressurizado. O Boeing 747 é o primeiro avião dos que hoje chamamos "wide-body", o primeiro a ser equipado com um motor turbo fan com alto "by-pass" e muitos sistemas redundantes. O A300 é o primeiro "wide-body" equipado com apenas duas turbinas e tem muitos componentes em material composto (não comum quando ele foi projetado). O A320 é o primeiro avião comercial com o controle de vôo "fly-by-wire" e "side stick". O A400M é o primeiro transporte militar com uso extensivo de materiais compostos nas asas e os Boeing 787 é o primeiro avião com a asa e fuselagem em materiais compostos.

Todos esses projetos têm o "novo", mas não na extensão do Blackbird.

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TEMPO DE DESENVOLVIMENTO DE ALGUNS PROJETOS

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        Nota: supondo que o A400M seja entregue em dezembro de 2011

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O SR-71 Blackbird vai manter seus recordes por um longo tempo. Nada se compara  à sua performance e hoje, mesmo com todas as ferramentas disponíveis, um desenvolvimento semelhante levaria o que, 20 anos? Pela evolução dos tempos de desenvolvimento de novos projetos, muito provàvelmente mais.

Com as grandes empresas de hoje , é evidente que a indústria aeroespacial perdeu a capacidade de fazer as coisas focadas. Não existem mais lideranças como Kelly Johnson (U-2, A-12, SR-71, F-104) ou Ed Heinemann (Skyraider, Skyhawk). O resultado é claro em todos os novos desenvolvimentos: atrasos, problemas técnicos e custos muito, muito além dos previstos. Alguns bons exemplos: A380, A400M, Boeing 787, F-22, JSF, só para citar os bem conhecidos.

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A pesquisa para este artigo foi feita usando muitas fontes. A lista de links que apresentamos é apenas parte dela. Todos eles têm informações para saber mais sobre esta aeronave incrível.

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http://www.lockheedmartin.com/aboutus/history/SR71Blackbird.html

http://malith.8m.com/aircraft/71/ques.htm

http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/media/historicalfarnboroughairshows/farnborough-air-show-sr-71-58827.aspx

http://www.rbogash.com/boeing_delay.html

http://www.rbogash.com/737early.html

http://www.wvi.com/%7Esr71webmaster/kelly1.htm

http://www.combataircraft.com/en/Military-Aircraft/Lockheed-Martin/SR-71ABlackbird/

http://www.sr-71.org/blackbird/sr-71/

 

Fotos reproduzidas de:

http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/media/default.aspx?mq=blackbird

http://www.military-today.com/aircraft/lockheed_sr71.htm