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Engineer's Tool Kit - Our View

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Strict Standards: Non-static method Localization::getTranslate() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/localization.php on line 34

VOLTAR A PAGINA PRINCIPAL

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Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::db() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/attribute/type.php on line 11

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/attribute/categories/file.php on line 57

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::db() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/attribute/type.php on line 11

Strict Standards: Only variables should be passed by reference in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/helpers/file.php on line 215

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/attribute/categories/file.php on line 57

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::db() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/attribute/type.php on line 11

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/attribute/categories/file.php on line 57

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::db() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/attribute/type.php on line 11

Strict Standards: Only variables should be passed by reference in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/helpers/file.php on line 215

Strict Standards: Non-static method Localization::getTranslate() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/localization.php on line 34

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Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::exists() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 69

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::getIdentifier() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 15

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::getObject() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 70

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::getIdentifier() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 45

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::getOrCreate() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 63

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Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::getOrCreate() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 63

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Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 121

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Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 67

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::getOrCreate() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 63

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 153

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 121

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 67

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 111

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 112

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::getOrCreate() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 63

Strict Standards: Non-static method Area::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/area.php on line 153

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Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home2/engineg1/public_html/engineerstoolkit/concrete/models/block.php on line 67

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PENSANDO NO FUTURO:

QUAL O MELHOR CAÇA PARA O BRASIL

A política externa brasileira é ter boas relações com todos os países e sempre em favor de soluções diplomáticas e pacíficas para disputas internacionais. Isso não significa que o Brasil não deve ter suas forças armadas preparadas e equipadas para defender seu território e os seus interesses (incluindo as 200 milhas das águas territoriais para exploracão econômica).

Com exceção da Venezuela, que comprou equipamentos militares de todos os tipos da Rússia, os outros países do continente tem as suas forças armadas equilibradas para sua própria defesa. Esta é a situação hoje. Ninguém sabe o que pode vir no futuro, e o Brasil tem de agir agora para ter suas forças armadas tão fortes quanto sua economia.

Um processo de modernização das forças armadas leva anos, como qualquer processo de aquisição de armamento. O que é decidido hoje será passado para a geração futura. Esta decisão tem de ser tomadas pensando no futuro.

Desse processo de modernização, vamos comentar e dar a nossa opinião sobre os caças para a Força Aérea Brasileira, ja que a indústria aeroespacial é onde temos atuado, especificamente em engenharia, por mais de 40 anos e em muitos países.

PARTICIPANTES

Das aeronaves inicialmente propostas para o chamado programa FX-2, hoje são apenas três os finalistas. Esses três concorrentes são o Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, o Dassault Rafale e o Saab JAS-39 Gripen.

Uma breve descrição destas aeronaves é apresentado aqui. No final do artigo, há links para mais detalhes sobre a história e dados técnicos dos mesmos.

Nossa opinião é que o Lockheed F-16 deveria ter sido considerado uma opção, haja vista o número de países onde opera e na possibilidade de tentativa de compra de unidades estocadas, que poderiam ser atualizadas com eventualmente menores custos .

Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet

O Hornet que é fabricado hoje pela Boeing deriva do Northrop YF-17, que após desenvolvimento conjunto entre MacDonnell Douglas (comprada pela Boeing) e Northrop, foi designado como F-18 Hornet. Foi desenvolvido originalmente para operar em porta-aviões, tendo trem de pouso reforçado e gancho para pouso. A aeronave produzida hoje como o Super Hornet é praticamente um novo projeto com os mesmos conceitos do projeto original. É maior do que a série original e incorpora melhorias aerodinâmicas. Em poucas palavras, o F-18 é uma aeronave com duas turbinas de caça/ataque ao solo capaz, de executar múltiplas missões. Comparando com os outros candidatos para o caça brasileiro, é maior e mais pesado que os outros concorrentes, mas um pouco mais lento e tem menor alcançe. Não há dúvida de que é um bom avião. Embora possa ser um equipamento de porta-aviões, não opera em porta-aviões pequenos como o brasileiro. Com duas turbinas é mais confiável do que os caças monomotores. Como é uma aeronave de origem norte-americana, licenças de exportação têm que ser aprovadas pelo congresso americano, não bastando apenas o empenho do poder executivo.

Dassault Rafale

O Rafale é a resposta da Dassault Aviation para um pedido conjunto da Força Aérea Francesa e da Marinha francesa, de 1983, para uma plataforma comum que poderia substituir várias aeronaves dedicadas (Jaguar, F-8 Crusader, Mirage F1, Mirage 200, Etendard e Super Etendart). A França trabalhou inicialmente em conjunto com outros países europeus no desenvolvimento de um caça europeu (agora conhecido como Eurofighter). Como os requisitos franceses não eram os mesmos das outras nações, a França deixou o programa e a Dassault foi encarregada do desenvolvimento de uma plataforma de acordo com as necessidades francesas. Como o projeto foi orientado desde o início com a dupla função de operar em solo e embarcado (porta-aviões), ambas versões têm muita comunalidade. O Rafale opera em porta-aviões pequenos.Com duas turbinas, é mais confiável do que os caças monomotores. Tem caracteristicas de invisibilidade (“stealth”), incluindo interferência eletrônica. Motores, radar, sistemas eletrônicos e de armamento são franceses, não sujeitos as restrições de exportação dos EUA.

Saab JAS-39 Gripen

Os estudos iniciais para o desenvolvimento do Saab JAS-39 Gripen começaram em 1979 e o primeiro vôo foi em 1988. Problemas com o sistema eletrônico de vôo atrasou o desenvolvimento e ele só entrou em serviço em 1997. É um monomotor de caça multi-missão. Uma versão para operação embarcada esta em estudo pois Índia e Brasil podem ser potenciais clientes de uma variante para porta-avioes. O Gripen tem alto teor de sistemas eletrônicos dos EUA e o motor da nova variante NG é um F414 GE, o que, embora negado, pode ter sido uma preocupação na competição recente para a Força Aérea Indiana, que agora limitou sua escolha entre o Rafale Dassault e o Eurofighter (alegando razões técnicas) . Sendo um avião menor que seus concorrentes, o Gripen tem um menor custo de aquisição e de manutenção e pode operar em pistas curtas. Não há dúvida de que é um bom projeto, mas sendo um caça leve, monomotor, não foi escolhido até agora por países com grande extensão territorial. O maior país que opera o Gripen é a África do Sul.

O QUE É MELHOR PARA O BRASIL

Todas as aeronaves selecionadas para a decisão final são bons projetos. Opiniões sobre qual é o melhor são diversas, como já foi publicado pela imprensa. O ex-presidente brasileiro é a favor do Rafale. A Força Aérea Brasileira, novamente de acordo com a imprensa, prefere o Gripen. O presidente da Embraer, de acordo com o Wikileaks, é a favor do F-18.

Com uma visão de futuro, uma vez que estas aeronaves devem estar operacionais e com suporte para defender o espaço aéreo para as próximas décadas e, considerando que este contrato pode representar uma excelente oportunidade de acesso a tecnologia que o Brasil vai precisar no futuro, nossa opinião é que o qualquer um desses poderia ser uma boa escolha, dependendo das condições contratuais.

O selecionado foi o Gripen. Esse tipo de seleção leva em conta muito mais fatores do que uma avaliação técnica por engenheiros e operacionais pelo cliente (Força Aérea), são decisões de Estado. Certamente foram considerados fatores como preço, percentual de componentes que podem ser fabricados no país (e consequentemente geração de empregos), forma de pagamento, transferência de tecnologia, relações políticas entre os paises e outras que estão alem do conhecimento técnico de engenharia.

Para comparar dados básicos dessas aeronaves, resumimos alguns dados técnicos em uma tabela, apenas para referência, pois dados de fontes diferentes e para diferentes versões não são sempre os mesmos.

DADOS BÁSICOS DO CONCORRENTES

Para baixar o artigo em formato pdf clique AQUI

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VIDEOS DOS FINALISTAS

Artigo escrito originalmente em setembro de 2011, atualizado em abril de 2018. Não há restrições para uso não comercial desde que não haja alteraões e tenha referência à fonte.

Engineer’s Tool Kit não assume qualquer responsabilidade pelos dados apresentados no artigo. Todo material apresentado aqui é usado dentro dos termos Fair Useage da lei de copyright internacional. Qualquer material apresentado aqui que por acaso viole leis de copyright será imediatamente removido após solicitação dos detentores dos direitos

Fotos, dados e desenhos reproduzidos das seguintes fontes:

http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/media/

http://www.flightglobal.com/home/default.aspx

http://www.combataircraft.com/en/Military-Aircraft

http://www.fortunecity.com/marina/manatee/272

http://www.saabgroup.com/en/Air/Gripen-Fighter-System/

http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/military/fa18ef/index.htm

http://www.netmarine.net/aero/aeronefs/rafale/photo08.htm

http://sobchak.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/8fm7o77.jpg

http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/media/militaryaviation1946-2006cutaways/images/80953/boeing-ea-18g-growler-cutaway-poster.jpg

Voltar ao início

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apresenta ferramentas de engenharia estrutural, referências e notícias para os engenheiros de estruturas. Quase tudo no site é livre para usar e baixar.O que você vai encontrar:

VISTAS EM CORTE

CLIQUE PARA MAIS DADOS

PENSANDO NO FUTURO:

QUAL O MELHOR CAÇA PARA O BRASIL

PARTICIPANTES

Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet

Dassault Rafale

Saab JAS-39 Gripen

O QUE É MELHOR PARA O BRASIL

DADOS BÁSICOS DO CONCORRENTES

Para baixar o artigo em formato pdf clique AQUI

VIDEOS DOS FINALISTAS

Artigo escrito originalmente em setembro de 2011, atualizado em abril de 2018. Não há restrições para uso não comercial desde que não haja alteraões e tenha referência à fonte.

Fotos, dados e desenhos reproduzidos das seguintes fontes:

apresenta ferramentas de engenharia estrutural, referências e notícias para os engenheiros de estruturas. Quase tudo no site é livre para usar e baixar.

O que você vai encontrar: